Ethical And Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal...

Article 4 Article 4 is Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, which emphasized reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use, principles, many scientists referred to the three R’s. These principles encouraged researchers to work to cut down the figure of animals utilized in experiments to the minimum considered necessary, refine or limit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals with non-animal alternatives when possible. The figure of animals utilized in research and testing has continued to increase, raising serious ethical and scientific publications. Furthermore, while the three R’s capture crucially important concepts, they do not adequately reflect the substantial developments in our new knowledge about the cognitive and emotional capabilities of animals, the individual interests of animals, or an updated understanding of the possible damage s linked to animal research. In addition, serious doubts of the strength of animal testing and research in predicting anticipated outcomes. The three R’s serve as the cornerstone for guidelines. Whether researchers, review panels, and funders fully and adequately implemented the three R’s, are the varying cultural perspectives around the situation of animals in order. For instance, the U.S. Animal Welfare Act excludes purpose-bred birds, rats, or mice, which contain more than 90% of animalsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation, Ethics, And Ethics1703 Words   |  7 Pages Animal experimentation and Ethics -Tseten dolkar The practice of experimentation on live animals as known as vivisection is prevalent since the old roman days. In the name of Science, Animals are being mistreated, exploited and murdered worldwide. Animal are usedRead MoreResearch Ethics : Animal And Clinical Research1188 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Ethics: Animal and Clinical Research When it comes to clinical research, many people think of clinical trials, but that’s only merely a small portion of a process towards a medical development involving a process call bench to the bedside. Clinical research outline scientific investigation involving animal or human subjects helping translate basic research into new treatments that would be valuable to patients. Clinical trials can contain a variety of research under the departments of physiologyRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Testing Purposes?966 Words   |  4 PagesShould Animals Be Used for Testing Purposes? Testing on animals has always been a controversy often debated. Millions of animals are tested on each year to aid in the research and development of commercial and scientific products. Animals get tested on to ensure the safety of human use or consumption in anything from beauty products to medicine. Testing has enabled life-saving advancements in medicine; however it is no longer necessary to harm animals in the process of saving humans. Animal testingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Ethics Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal ethics is a uniquely difficult undertaking because of the extensive amount of agents involved, the variety and need for classification of those agents, the nature of society, and, of course, humanity’s own natural bias due to both an intimate history with certain species and its position along the evolutionary tree. To truly answer Lana’s question regarding humanity’s proper role in respecting the rights of non-human animals, all natural human biases must be put aside. The most importantRead MoreAnimal Testing Persuasive Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages About 19,500,000 animals in total are killed in scientific research every year. This means that about twenty percent of the animals tested on each year die, which may not seem like a large percentage; however, if it is taken into account that this happens to the same species in an endless cycle, the numbers can begin to build. Although, through this process of testing, many lifesaving medicines have been created for all types of animals including humans. So, the issue the world is experiencing rightRead MoreEthical Judgements Limit the Methods Available1400 Words   |  6 PagesMeanwhile the arts is a discipline in which we express both ethical and unethical ideas that are more subjective. Both areas of knowledge are affected by the ethical judgements that people make in the production and of knowledge. Ethical judgements are related to human moral values and they affect how people should or should not act (Dombrowski, 2007). Even though some may say that ethical judgments vary by subject, location and time, but all ethical judgments have to be by conscious choices. ThereforeRead MoreA Research Study On Nutrition And Treatment Of Blood Glucose1621 Words   |  7 Pagesgranted the amount of research, time, effort, and money that went into the development of medications or medical treatment. When someone reaches for the aspirin bottle to relieve a pounding headache or that lifesaving injection of insulin used daily to treat and manage levels of blood glucose are both the end results of long and costly research. Without research the awareness of vitamin deficiencies, treatments for cancer, organ transplantation, and vaccines for humans and animals would cease to existRead MoreThe Negatives of Animal Testing1027 Words   |  5 Pageshave been tested on animals; from lipstick and shampoo to dish soap and foot powder. Even the white ink on an MM has been tested on animals. To some, this statement may be alarming and even disturbing – to others it may not mean much at all. Either way, the debate over animal testing has gained much popularity in recent decades. Animal testing has been done since at least 500 BC; even Aristotle experimented on animals for scientific reasoning. Around 200 AD, dissecting animals in public was actuallyRead MoreAmerican Way Of Life ( Rudiger ) Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesalthough somewhat controversial at the time, was met with fairly large support in 1945 with 85% of the US population agreeing with nuclear action. However, in polls redone in 2015, 56% of Americans still believed the bombings were justified (Pew Research 2015). On one side, this shift in public opinion demonstrates that 21st century Americans, not directly exposed to the various propaganda present during World War II, reconsidered the ethicality of atomic weapon use. However, the influences of WorldRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Wrong?1687 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of animals and respect them as equals on their shared territory. Animals are not treated as equals and therefore the animals are suffering from the harm that humans are infl icting on them through animal testing experimentation. These acts of animal experimentation have caused a decrease in the number of some species of animals, while others have broken several rights that animals have and are protected under The Animal Welfare Act. Animal experimentation is wrong because people use animals for beauty

The Four Body Types Of William H. Sheldon s Somatotyping

Review Questions 1. What are the four body types in William H. Sheldon’s somatotyping? Describe each body type and identify which one Sheldon believed was related to delinquency and crime. The four body types in William H Sheldon s somatotyping are endomorphs, mesomorphs, ectomorphs, and balanced individuals. Endomorphs are individuals who have a large stomach and are overweight. Mesomorphs are individuals who have a larger muscle mass and are athletic. Ectomorphs are individuals who are tall and frail. Balanced individuals are not overweight, too muscular, or too thin. Sheldon believed mesomorphs were most likely to be delinquents. 2. What personality types did Hans J. Eysenck believe were related to crime? Describe each†¦show more content†¦5. What is the M’Naughten Rule? How did this rule come into existence? The M Naugten rule was the first instance when the â€Å"not guilty by reason of insanity† was used in western cultures and is still used in some court rulings today. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Which theory discussed in the lesson do you think best explains why crime happens? Why do you think that this theory is best? I believe the theory that best explains why crime happens is the psychoanalytic perspective. I believe this is the best theory because it focuses more on the wants and acts of the criminal rather an their personality or lack of control. The psychoanalytic perspective more accurately describes a reason to why people commit crimes. Not all individuals could be identified from a personality trait or low levels of self control. Therefore, the psychoanalytic perspective would give the best explanation to why crime happens. 2. Do you think that individuals accused of crimes should be able to use an insanity defense? Why or why not? I do not believe that all individuals accused of a crime should be able to use an insanity defense because it would morally unjust. Some people who commit a crime do know what is happening and that is was wrong at the time of the cime. If the defense chooses to belive the criminal is insane then they should be given the substantial- capacity test to ensure that they did

Spinal Immobilisation Free Essays

Spinal Immobilisation: A Literature Review A review of the literature regarding spinal immobilisation has been undertaken using databases for PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, OVID and Cochrane EBM. Reviews were electronically searched using the subject headings â€Å"spinal injuries†, â€Å"spinal immobilisation† and â€Å"management of spinal injuries†. The results generated by the search were limited to English language articles and reviewed for relevance to the topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Spinal Immobilisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aim of this literature review is to compare and contrast the views on spinal immobilisation and to achieve a better knowledge of evidence based practice. According to Chiles and Cooper (1996) spinal injury should always be suspected in patients with severe systemic trauma, patients with minor trauma who report spinal pain or have sensory or motor symptoms, and patients with an impaired level of consciousness after trauma. According to Caroline (2008) the primary goal of spinal immobilisation is to prevent further injuries. Good initial and acute management is crucial no matter the degree of damage (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). The purpose of immobilisation in suspected spinal trauma is to maintain a neutral position and avoid displacement and secondary neurological injury (Vickery, 2001). Means of immobilisation include holding the head in the midline, log rolling the person, the use of backboards and special mattresses, cervical collars, sandbags and straps (Kwan, Bunn Roberts 2009). The Advanced Life Support Group supports the use of the long spinal board (backboard) for spinal immobilisation, despite knowledge of pressure problems and poor immobilisation in some patient groups. The spinal board was originally developed as an extrication device using its smooth surface to allow a person to be slid out of a vehicle. However, it is difficult to remove the patient from the board in the field and therefore the patient is most commonly transported to the A E department on the spinal board (Cooke, 1998). There is considerable variation in the best technique for pre-hospital cervical spine immobilisation (Vickery, 2001). Some have advised the use 1 to 1. 5 inches of padding under the head as standard, others have advised that judgement on the use of padding be based on visual inspection (Butman, McSwain McConnell, 1986). Conversely, several rauma texts recommend placing the patient directly against the spinal board (McSwain, 1989). In the United Kingdom, the vacuum mattress is predominately used by mountain rescue teams as it is believed to provide better overall protection of an injured casualty and is perceived to be safer and easier to transport over the terrain encountered in these situations (Herzenberg, Hensinger and Dederick, 1989). In a recent study by Luscombe and Williams (2002), it was sh own that the vacuum mattress prevents significantly more movement in the longitudinal and lateral planes when subjected to a gradual tilt. Perceived comfort levels are significantly better with the vacuum mattress that with the backboard. Chan, Goldburg Mason (1996) reviewed the use of the long spinal board and its association with pressure injury, unsatisfactory immobilisation and positioning, and the pain that it can cause (Chan, Goldburg Tascone, 1994). A study by Lovell and Evans (1994) indicated that while a casualty resides on a backboard it may possibly lead to pressure sores in those who have sustained injury to the spinal cord. The amount of time casualties remain on backboards can exacerbate the problems of pain and pressure. Ambulance journeys and waits in accident and emergency may be lengthy and there may be long distances involved in getting to hospital (Lerner Moscati, 2000). In addition to pressure injury and poor immobilisation, the backboard may be the cause of pain even in otherwise healthy patients, leading to unnecessary investigations, radiographs and potential ambiguity regarding the cause of pain (Chan, Goldburgh Mason, 1996). The evidence suggests that the backboard itself is not ideal and far from a gold standard. This has led to the suggestion that the backboard should not be the preferred surface for the transfer of patients with spinal injuries (Main Lovell, 1996). According to Vickery (2001) however, the spinal board is considered to be the gold standard for spinal immobilisation during the pre-hospital phase of trauma management. For some patients, effective spinal immobilisation is beneficial and can also be vital in preventing the devastating effects of cord damage however it has been suggested that for many the excessive use of this preventative measure may not be prudent or necessary. It has been estimated that over 50% of trauma patients with no complaint of neck or back pain were transported with full spinal immobilisation (McHugh Taylor 1998). Inappropriate spinal immobilisation may lead to patients experiencing unnecessary pain, skin ulceration, aspiration and respiratory compromise, which in turn may lead to further unnecessary procedures, a longer hospital stay which then incurs increasing costs to the National Health Service (Kwan, Bunn Roberts, 2001). Shooman Rushambuza (2009) report that immobilisation is a crucial part of the management of a trauma patient. They believe that if the mechanism of injury is uncertain, the patient should remain immobilised until further imaging even if there are no symptoms of spinal instability after log rolling. However, in a recent study by Pandie, Shepherd Lamont (2010) they concluded that on its own, standard immobilisation techniques appear to be inadequate to maintain the cervical spine in the neutral position. One argument for keeping the patient on a spinal board is that it facilitates an urgent turn should vomiting occur (Vickery 2001). Spinal immobilisation is used throughout the world however the clinical benefits of pre-hospital spinal immobilisation have been put under scrutiny. It has been argued that spinal cord damage is done at the time of impact and that subsequent movement is generally not sufficient to cause further damage (Hauswald, Ong, Tandberg Omar 1998). In contrast, in-line stabilisation of the neck, also termed ‘neutral alignment’, is usually enhanced by using immobilisation blocks and straps that fix the patient’s head and neck to a spinal board. In-line head and neck immobilisation is important during the transfer period to hospital and remains an important part of the care of the patient (Sheerin, 2005). Butler and Bates (2001), disagree with this and suggest that cervical collars are of no additional benefit to patients already immobilised using a long spine board with straps. In a recent report it was found that many patients brought to A E automatically had a cervical collar applied ‘as a precaution’. This usually means that the victim has been involved in an accident that could possible cause a cervical injury, although the patient shows no signs or symptoms of such an injury (Sexton, 1999). Immobilisation in suspected spinal trauma must be initiated at the scene of an accident and continued until unstable spinal injuries are ruled out. Adequacy of spinal immobilisation must be reviewed during the primary survey in the A E department (Vickery, 2001). Once the patient has reached A E, the spinal board should be removed as soon as possible once the patient is laterally transferred from the ambulance trolley onto an A E or resuscitation trolley (Vickery, 2001). The early removal of spinal boards and cervical collars is advocated by spinal units (Sexton, 1999). Complications associated with prolonged use of the spinal board include pressure ulcer development, pain and discomfort (Vickery, 2001). Vickery (2001) also suggests a partial solution would be recommended that the backboard should be removed as soon as possible after arrival in the A E department, ideally after the primary survey and resuscitation phases. Hickey (2003) agrees with this, it is vital that following initial assessment, the patient is removed from the spinal board. Porter and Allison (2003) support this by suggesting that the patient should be then transferred and nursed on an emergency trolley with head immobilisation and straps applied. This in turn should minimise the risk of pressure ulcer formation which is prevalent in patients with spinal cord injury (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). Vickery (2001) also suggests that where a spinal injury is suspected, prompt and safe removal of the spinal board is mandatory, these are patients that are at the greatest risk of developing pressure sores. Vickery (2001) continues to say that spinal board immobilisation on the board may be inadequate ending with tragic consequences. Observational studies in the US have shown that immobilisation by rigid collars may cause airway difficulties, increased intracranial pressure (Davies, Deakin Wilson, 1996), increased risk of aspiration (Butman, 1996), and skin ulceration (Hewitt, 1994). Caroline (2008) also suggests that complete spinal immobilisation is painful, especially over pressure points and can also be a cause of airway constriction which in turn creates an increased risk of aspiration. It has been reported that many trauma patients do not suffer from spinal instability and will not benefit from spinal immobilisation (Orledge, 1998). The value of routine pre-hospital spinal immobilisations are questionable due to any benefits of immobilisation being outweighed by the risks (Kwan, Bunn Roberts, 2009). Kwan, Bunn Roberts (2009) have already indicated that inappropriate immobilisation is contributing to the increasing budget of the NHS. Dimond (2001) agrees and claims that litigation claims are increasing against the NHS. Society is becoming less tolerant of mistakes or inadequate service and litigation claims are now becoming an accepted part of daily life (Vukmir, 2004). In contrast, a study in the USA has indicated that due to the fear of litigation, over five million patients receive spinal immobilisation every year (Orledge Pepe 1998). In this current media inclined era, media attention for high profile claims against the NHS organisations is at a high. Although most of the evidence in literature is regarding claims against hospital specialities, there have been few claims written about claims against the ambulance service (Hulbert, Riddle Longstaff 1996). However, there may be few documented claims against the ambulance service there have been a significant number of claims settled by ambulance trusts (Vukmir, 2004). In conclusion, there are many different points of views by many authors on the subject of spinal immobilisation. Many argue that the need to immobilise suspected head, neck and spinal trauma is a priority due to the potential life threatening incident. This way of thinking has been supported by many of the authors. Others however have stated that each incident needs to be individualised as the necessity of using spinal immobilisation is increasingly being inappropriately used. Methods of spinal immobilisation are also highly debatable, calling the clinical professional to use their own training and judgements when deciding how to transfer each individual patient. It was highlighted by many authors that it was necessary for patients to be removed from the spinal board as soon as possible when being cared for within the hospital setting as this reduces the possibilities of further trauma and pressure sores. It became quite clear when conducting this research that many health professionals are now very aware of the potential to become a target for the all too common blame culture that is so prevalent in today’s society. The fear of litigation may be the cause for the higher usage of spinal immobilisation although there is limited research at this time but within the next few years we may in fact see a rise in claims against the Ambulance Service. There is evidence that inappropriate and prolonged use of spinal immobilisation can be very detrimental to the patient’s welfare, there is a vast amount of research to suggest the need to use spinal immobilisation in most head, neck and spinal trauma. Effective and appropriate use of spinal immobilisation is best practice in all situations and should be used wisely and competently by a trained professional. How to cite Spinal Immobilisation, Papers

Work Skills and Employment Preferences †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Work Skills and Employment Preferences. Answer: Introduction: As a part of my career building, it is highly essential to evaluate all my personal skills. This highly essential that every individual is able to build upon their personal career depending upon individual talent and potential. The Gallup strengths is used as an essential tool to identify individual strength that can be used as a part of career building process. As an individual is able to identify their personal potential it is possible for them to utilise the same and work in the process of dealing with the career improvement. Hence, this process will help me to know myself better. This will help me to utilise all my strength, which is in the department of communication. It is important to mention in the context that communication is one of the essential skill that is needed in the present day workplace in order to improve personal chance of improvement. This is also highly essential to develop upon the leadership skill that can help me to improve upon the chance of career prospect. Few of the other of my Gallup strengths include the role of developer. Moreover, with the help of my communication skill it is possible for me to provide proper command to every workers. I also have the capability to adapt in every situation. This will help me to build upon my career in diverse kind of workplace environment. My ability to actively complete will definitely be helpful in the process of quick career development. Most of the individual who are successful in their respective workplace is mainly due to their capability to properly use their strength and overcome individual weaknesses. I do strongly agree upon the fact that proper evaluation of the strength can definitely help me to improve upon my self-confidence. It can also encourage me to take up on high level of challenges that are most likely to occur in the current day business scenarios. The principle of success in most of the occasions are properly defined by individual strengths. In the initial stage of career development, it was highly difficult for me to come up with the workforce challenge. However, as I am able to identify up on my strengths, I was able to bring about change within my personal career growth. Know Your Sector: It is important for me to properly identify all the skills that are required in my respective sector. Within the sector of networking, it is essential to properly communicate and understand the opinion of every other colleague. With wide range of personal network it will be also possible for me to deal with all kind of workplace challenges. In the context, of the current day business environment, more number of individual channels can definitely help in the process of dealing with all kind of professional challenges (Chung et al. 2015). Commercial awareness is I believe an essential part of developing workplace network. As I am able to improve upon my awareness level, it is possible for me to identify all my further potentials. These are also important in the context of getting the latest information related to the workplace. The career developing network is also necessary to improve upon chance to get better career development options of the future (Ebbers 2014) Let them know you It is highly important for me to make proper use of the educational degree at the workplace. This is in context with the fact that the knowledge and skill that I have inherited within the education degree program will help in the process of dealing with all kind of career challenges. The management skills set that is needed as a part of career building process will help within the process of understanding the specific requirement for each kind of task (Dymond et al. 2013). The communication skill need to be properly utilised in order to ensure that there is no misconceptions within the workplace related to the mission and vision of the task. With the help of communication skill, I can also send a clear message of my personal career development. Improved level of self-awareness can help me to make proper use of all personal strengths. I can also identify my personal weakness as I am able to communicate properly with all my working colleagues. It is also important to mention that theoretical degree program cannot be effective to deal with the practical challenges that I am a face within the workplace. Hence, with high level of personal Awareness it is highly possible to properly deal with all kinds of challenges of critical situation that are likely within the workplace. Reference Chung, H.F., Yang, Z. and Huang, P.H., 2015. How does organizational learning matter in strategic business performance? The contingency role of guanxi networking. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), pp.1216-1224. Dymond, S.K., Renzaglia, A. and Hutchins, M., 2014. Career development: An experiential model for developing basic work skills and employment preferences. The road ahead: Transition to adult life for persons with disabilities, pp.107-136. Ebbers, J.J., 2014. Networking behavior and contracting relationships among entrepreneurs in business incubators. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(5), pp.1159-1181.